Temple, Territory, Tensions: Why Thailand, Cambodia Are Trading Blows Again, Should India Worry?
Last Updated:July 24, 2025, 14:11 IST
Thailand-Cambodia dispute centres on a 4.6-square-km area around Preah Vihear Hindu Temple, which holds cultural significance for both nations, symbolising their shared heritage
If the Thailand-Cambodia dispute remains unresolved, it risks destabilising ASEAN’s unity and threatening India’s broader ties in the region. (AP Photo)
Thailand on Thursday deployed F‑16 jets against Cambodian military targets in a dramatic escalation of a long‑standing border dispute. This followed a landmine blast on July 23 in which a Thai soldier lost a leg. Thailand retaliated by recalling its ambassador, severing diplomatic ties, closing border checkpoints, and launching airstrikes.
Cambodia, lacking air assets, responded with rocket launchers and pledged a “decisive” counter‑response. Fierce artillery exchanges, landmine threats, and civilian displacement have roused fears of broader conflict.
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What’s At The Heart Of The Conflict?
The Thailand-Cambodia border dispute centres on a 4.6-square-kilometer area around the 11th-century Preah Vihear Temple, perched on a cliff in the Dangrek Mountains. This Hindu temple, built during the Khmer Empire, holds cultural significance for both nations, symbolising their shared heritage.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded the temple to Cambodia in 1962, but the surrounding land remains contested, with both countries claiming sovereignty.
Tensions flared in 2008 when UNESCO listed Preah Vihear as a World Heritage Site, sparking nationalist protests in Thailand, which argued it was excluded from the process, per CNN.
Clashes in 2011 killed 22 people, and the ICJ’s 2013 ruling affirming Cambodia’s control over the temple failed to resolve disputes over nearby areas like the Emerald Triangle, where Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos meet.
What Happened In The Recent Escalation?
The latest flare-up began in May, when a Cambodian soldier died in a clash near the Emerald Triangle, followed by a Thai soldier’s injury from a landmine on July 23. Five Thai soldiers were wounded, prompting Thailand to recall its ambassador from Phnom Penh and expel Cambodia’s, closing parts of its northeastern border.
On July 24, Thai F-16 jets struck two Cambodian military units, with Thailand’s 2nd Regional Military Command claiming they “destroyed” targets, per a Facebook post. Cambodia, lacking a combat-capable air force, vowed to “respond decisively,” with its BM-21 rocket launchers seen near Preah Vihear, per CNN.
Clashes injured three Thai civilians, prompting evacuations in Surin province’s Kap Choeng district. Cambodia’s Defense Ministry claimed its troops acted in self-defence against an “unprovoked” Thai incursion, per Lieutenant General Maly Socheata.
How Did It Become A Political Firestorm?
A leaked 17-minute phone call on June 19 between Thailand’s Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra and Cambodia’s former leader Hun Sen intensified the crisis. Paetongtarn, 38, appeared to criticise her military, saying, “If Hun Sen wants anything, he can just tell me, and I will take care of it,” per CNN. The audio, confirmed authentic, led to accusations of “kowtowing” to Cambodia, sparking protests in Bangkok.
The Bhumjaithai party withdrew from Paetongtarn’s coalition, threatening her Pheu Thai party’s grip on power. Thitinan Pongsudhirak, a Chulalongkorn University professor, called her comments a betrayal of Thai interests. Paetongtarn’s suspension and potential dismissal highlight Thailand’s political volatility, with 10 prime ministers in 20 years, per The Hindu.
Why The Conflict Between The Two Persists
Several factors fuel the ongoing dispute:
Historical Grievances: The 1907 Franco-Siamese treaty, which drew the border during French colonial rule, left ambiguities exploited by both nations. Thailand’s claim to Preah Vihear stems from a 1904 map, while Cambodia relies on the ICJ’s 1962 ruling. Nationalist sentiments, with 70% of Thais opposing the UNESCO listing, per a 2023 Bangkok Post poll, keep tensions alive.
Political Instability: Thailand’s turbulent politics, marked by coups and protests, amplifies nationalist rhetoric. Paetongtarn’s leaked call mirrors India’s own political scandals, like Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)’s assault on a shopkeeper over a WhatsApp post, where public outrage fuels division. Cambodia’s Hun Sen, wielding influence despite stepping down, stokes tensions to rally domestic support, per The Guardian.
Military Disparity: Thailand’s air force, with 11 Swedish Gripen jets and dozens of US-made F-16s, outmatches Cambodia’s limited capabilities, per the International Institute for Strategic Studies’ Military Balance 2025. This imbalance emboldens Thai airstrikes but risks escalation, as Cambodia’s rocket launchers signal defiance.
Economic Stakes: The border region, part of the Emerald Triangle, hosts trade routes and tourism, with Thailand’s Aranyaprathet-Poipet checkpoint seeing $2 billion in annual trade, per a 2024 ASEAN report. Closures disrupt local economies, impacting 50,000 border residents, per The Nation.
What Are The Implications For India & The Region?
For India, with its $44 billion space economy and ASEAN trade ties, the Thailand-Cambodia clash is a cautionary tale. India’s border disputes with China, costing $10 billion annually in military spending, per a 2024 NITI Aayog report, mirror the economic toll of such conflicts. The crisis threatens ASEAN unity, critical for India’s $130 billion trade with the region, per MEA 2024.
The clash also risks refugee flows, with 10,000 Cambodians displaced in 2011, per UNHCR, impacting India’s regional security.
The Thailand-Cambodia stand-off is not a mere border dispute. It is a flashpoint with the capacity to draw in wider regional interests.
If unresolved, it risks destabilising ASEAN’s unity and threatening India’s broader ties in a region of growing geo-economic importance. The path ahead demands diplomacy, economic partnerships, and principled peace—lest this bruise on regional harmony turns into a deeper wound.
About the Author
Shilpy Bisht, Deputy News Editor at News18, writes and edits national, world and business stories. She started off as a print journalist, and then transitioned to online, in her 12 years of experience. Her prev…Read More
Shilpy Bisht, Deputy News Editor at News18, writes and edits national, world and business stories. She started off as a print journalist, and then transitioned to online, in her 12 years of experience. Her prev… Read More
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- First Published:
July 24, 2025, 13:13 IST
